Eurobonds - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1488 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Before looking at the resolutions that are open to the companies on default of the bond it is first important to look at the type of bond that we are dealing with. The bond in this situation is a Eurobond. A Eurobond is a bond which is outside of the control of the country in whose currency they are denominated and they are sold n different countries at the same time by large companies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Eurobonds" essay for you Create order Eurobonds typically have maturities of 5 to 15 years and interest on them, which is payable gross may be at either a fixed or a floating rate. Eurobonds are bearer securities, which means that their owners are unregistered, and so they offer investors the attraction of anonymity. Because Eurobonds are unsecured, companies that issue them must be internationally known and have an excellent credit ratings. Companies may find that Eurobonds useful for financing long-term investment, or as a way of balancing their long term asset and liability structures in terms of exposure to exchange rate risks. Next to look at the situation on default if there is a trustee in place. A trustee will be able to deal with the default and the issues that arise out of this. The fundamental feature of the trust is the separation of legal and equitable title. In the commercial sphere various advantages flow from this. Equitable ownership vests in the beneficiaries of the trust. The use of a trust permi ts the trustees to exercise their discretion in the vent of a default and thereby protects the borrower from arbitrary legal action at the hands of an individual bondholder. If there is a trustee in place the bondholders will enjoy the equitable protection of being treated equally and the financial expertise of the trustee, who has the resources to bring action against the borrower if required. As S C are Italian the Hague Convention will apply to this transaction. Article 2 of the Hague Convention states that the trustee has the power and the duty, for in respect of which he is accountable, to manage, employ or dispose of the assets in accordance with the terms of he trust and the special duties imposed upon him by law. As safeguards, nothing in the Hague Convention prejudices the powers of states in fiscal matters or the power of a court to apply its own public policy rules, while if all maters are internal to a state, other than the choice of a foreign law to govern the tru st and foreign trustees, a court of hat state had the option not to recognise the trust. Where there is a trustee in a bond issue, it is common that the trustee should be given discretion to make determinations as to whether or not a matter is material. This will be relevant to issues such as whether the trustee, of its own volition and without seeking instructions from the bondholders, should be permitted to consent to a request made by the issuer for a minor amendment to the conditions attached to the bonds or to the giving of an inconsequential waiver from compliance with such conditions. It is also not uncommon for the documentation to provide in relation to certain of the events of default set forth in the relevant clause, that enforcement action will only be taken where such an event has arisen if the trustee considers that what has occurred is materially prejudicial to the interests of the bondholders. Peter Smith J. in the High Court considered that phrase in Law Deben ture Trust Corporation PLC v Acciona SA[1] where an event of default allegedly had occurred occurrence of an event of default was materially prejudicial to the interests of the bondholders, so that enforcement action could be taken, the trustee had first to determine that the event was presently occurring and secondly that it was prejudicial to the interests of the bondholders in a material way. By way of further amplification, his Lordship said that the interests of the bondholders related to their interests in the bonds, that is, their contractual entitlement to the payment of interest and capital and, as well, any ancillary rights which the bondholders might have to protect their entitlement to the payment of interest and principal, such as security rights and significant rights having a commercial protective interest, such as the right in this case to appoint a director to the board of the issuer. Material prejudice did not necessarily mean the same thing as material breach, as such prejudice might exist even without such a breach and even the existence of a material breach might not, on the facts, mean that the interests of the bondholders had been materially prejudiced. In most cases, the trustee would need to investigate the circumstances and their consequences to determine if the relevant element of material prejudice existed. However, the facts on their face might be sufficient to establish the relevant degree of material prejudice without the need for further investigation. His Lordship held that the facts in this case were sufficient on their own for the trustee to make a determination that there was material prejudice to the interests of the bondholders, in that the acts of the issuer in excluding the nominated director from the board, in failing to appoint a replacement nominated by the bondholders and in entering into the unauthorised transactions were obviously prejudicial as they stood, so that it was not necessary for the trustee to investi gate the consequences of those things further before it could make a determination that what had happened had actually caused material prejudice to the interests of the bondholders. A trustee may be able to prevent an event of default from triggering repayment of the bonds if the effect is not materially prejudicial to bondholders. With a fiscal agent it is possible for bonds to become repayable if a single opportunistic bondholder detects a minor event of default that cannot be cured quickly, even if the damage caused to the borrower and the remaining bondholders is potentially enormous (e.g. such as this triggering cross-default provisions in other financing agreements). Bondholders can be better off under a trust arrangement if the borrower does default. First, the trustee can require payments to be made directly to it for the bondholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ benefit; by contrast, funds held by the fiscal agent may be at risk of attack from a liquidator. Second, a trustee can ensure that all bondholders are treated equally, so avoiding a scramble by bondholders to start individual proceedings in different jurisdictions to establish preferential claims to the borrowerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets. Trustees are able to balance the competing interest of the various bondholders, wereas, as will be shown when a bond holder meeting takes place there are complications, not only with time, logistics and expense, but with balancing the competing interests of the creditors. Perhaps the single most important role that an experienced trustee can play is in crisis management. Credit standing is matter of market confidence. A trustee can act behind the scenes in helping a borrower to overcome potential events of default. A trustee can provide an accurate gauge of bondholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ likely reaction to a proposed course of action. In the absence of a trustee, a borrower may have to convene a bondholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ meeting to agree even minor changes in the issue terms or to waive insignificant breaches of covenant. Such a meeting can be difficult to arrange, expensive to hold, and the outcome may be uncertain if the borrower has been unable to communicate with bondholders in advance. The convening of a meeting can also have an adverse impact on the borrowerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market standing and leaves the borrower vulnerable to the short-term whims of aggressive bondholders. Use of a trustee can avoid this expense and uncertainty. If a payment is missed on one loan, cross-default clauses may be invoked to declare the debtor in default on other instruments and to demand accelerated repayment of the entire corpus of the obligation. A material adverse conditions clause in lending agreements allows creditors to declare a default whenever a material change in the condition of the debtor leads creditors to believe that the debtor may be unable to repay[2]. These clauses are all intended to protect the interests of each individual c reditor, but when broadly exercised may end up hurting creditors as a group. Bibliography August R, (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“International Business Law: Text Cases and Readingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Fourth Edition, Pearson Arnold G, (2002) Corporate Financial Management, Second Edition, Harlow, FT Prentice Hall Burgess R (1992) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Corporate Finance Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Second Edition, Sweet and Maxwell Cranston R, (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Principles of Banking Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press Ferren E, (1999) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Company Law and Corporate Financeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Oxford University Press Ross S, (1999) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Corporate Financeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill Watson D, (1998) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Corporate Finance: Principles and Practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Pitman 1 Footnotes [1] [2004] EWHC 270, Ch D [2] For an explanation and example of such clauses, see Lee C. Buchheit, How to Negotiate Eurocurrency Loan Agreements (London: Euromoney Publication 1995) 101-05.

Same-Sex Marriage - 1478 Words

Same-Sex Marriage: The Problems with DOMA and the Pursuit for Equality Believe it or not, same-sex marriage has been around since ancient times. At least two Roman Emperors, Nero and Elagabalus, were in gay unions. It wasn’t until the advent of Christianity that the practice of same sex marriage was out-lawed by the emperors Constantius II and Constans in 342 AD and has continued to be through-out most of the world until the twenty-first century (Boswell 83). With the advent of gay rights movement in many industrialized countries, same-sex marriage has become more accepted. A prime example of this is what lawmakers in the state of New York did on June 24, 2011. With a thirty-three to twenty-nine vote, the legislature legalized†¦show more content†¦This includes the family home, without incurring any taxes In contrast to the legislation of DOMA, The United States Supreme Court has repeatedly held that marriage is one of the most fundamental rights that we have as Americans under our Constitution. As Justice Ginsburg famously noted in 1996 that the history of our constitution is the history of extending constitutional protections to those who were once ignored or excluded from American Society. United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996). Furthermore, The Harvard Law Review in 2004 pointed outShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage And Marriage948 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex marriage and same-sex parenting are comparatively new controversial topics in today’s world and its â€Å"mainstream† morality. I was not exposed to any homosexual â€Å"lifestyle† while growing up. I know that I am strongly traditional in my theological views, nevertheless, I vigorously believe that traditional marriage and parenting are devotional commitments between a man and a woman. There fore, same-sex marriage and parenting are to me, issues of a society with strong traditional cultural identitiesRead MoreSame Sex Marriage754 Words   |  4 Pages 11/8/06 Argument Essay Same-Sex Marriage: Not a Match for Society Marriage, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is â€Å"the legal relationship into which a man and a woman enter with purpose of making a home and raising a family† (358).Although most people in the United States, including myself, agree on that definition, there are a select few who do not. Some feel same-sex marriage should be legalized; I disagree! I disagree because of its effects on children, its unnaturalness, and its religious immoralityRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1418 Words   |  6 PagesGay Couples Should Have the Same Rights As Married Couples Professor PHI 210 June 6, 2013 Same-sex marriage is a topic that has become increasingly more debatable throughout time. America has been said to be the â€Å"land of the free,† but when it comes to homosexual couples, it is far from that. If same-sex marriage was legalized, many positive outcomes could emerge from it; the society would be closer to equality, adoption would increase, gained social support for families would developRead Moreno to same-sex marriage!894 Words   |  4 Pageseverything builds up. I Corinthians 10:23 Against Same Sex Marriage - The Six Point Case Each of these six points against same sex marriage will be explained in detail in the following articles. Click on each link for more explanation. Natural marriage is the foundation of a civilized society. Homosexual behavior is inherently destructive. The law is a great teacher, and it encourages or discourages behavior. Government-backed same-sex marriage would encourage and normalize homosexual behaviorRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage 962 Words   |  4 Pagescaucasian because of laws passing interracial marriages around the 20th century due to Loving V. Virginia (Melina Patria). By the 1960s, the women’s rights movement was in full motion switching male and female roles drastically(Human right’s watch). The home may have no longer been spacious and big with the stock market crash of 1929(First Member Century). Its 2013 and there may be another possible alteration; same sex marriage. Even though same sex marriage may be a sensitive issue with people, as aRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1152 Words   |  5 PagesBiological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† Submitted by: Ellicia Jiona Candelaria Submitted to: Mrs. Joan Bataclan ABSTRACT Biological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† This study describes the advantages and also the disadvantages of couples of the same sex being married. It aims to explore how it affects the society and most importantly the church. Same-sex marriage, popularly known as gay marriage, is a socially or legally reorganized wedlock between two persons of similarRead MoreSame Sex Marriage884 Words   |  4 PagesSame Sex Marriage Is the definition of marriage being threatened in the United States? President Bill Clinton signed the federal Defense of Marriage Act into law on September 21, 1996. This Act defined marriage at the federal level as between a man and a woman. The federal DOMA statute ensured that no state would be forced to recognize gay marriages performed in other states and prevented same-sex couples from receiving federal protections and benefits given to married heterosexual couples. OnRead MoreSame Sex Marriage990 Words   |  4 PagesSupporters of gay marriage argue around the concept of equality in America. Our country is said to be found on the principle that all men are created equal, so that make it hypocritical to deny the rights of homosexuals, as it was hypocritical to deny freedom to African Americans or to prohibit women s suffrage. Supporters also believe that Gays should be allows the same benefits as regular married couples. For instance, only through marriage do same sex couple s have the rights to their partnerRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1120 Words   |  5 PagesSame sex marriage has been a topic on the rise throughout the U.S. It is what some of us may consider one of the more important topics of discussion for this time period. So far 17 states out of 50 have declared same sex marriage legal (States, 2013). Same sex marriage should be legal throughout the U.S. because same sex couples have a civil right to get married, along with a right to have access to the same benefits as heterosexual couples, and to be treated as equals without fear of discriminationRead MoreSame-sex Marriage604 Words   |  2 Pages in the media, same sex marriage has been widely discussed and debated. Some feel it should be legalized, while others believe that it is a sin and should remain illegal. Their are many pros and cons on both sides of this argument, however there are main points leading to why gay marriage should be legal. Legalizing gay marriage will not harm heterosexual marriages or family values, and society will continue to function normally. This is a true statement, because when two people get

Jomo Kenyatta Early Days to His Political Awakening

Jomo Kenyatta was the first President of Kenya and a prominent leader for independence. Born into a dominant Kikuyu culture, Kenyatta became the most famous interpreter of Kikuyu traditions through his book Facing Mount Kenya. His younger years shaped him for the political life he would come to lead and holds an important background for the changes in his country. Kenyattas Early Life Jomo Kenyatta was born Kamau in the early 1890s, though he maintained throughout his life that he did not remember the year of his birth. Many sources now cite October 20, 1891, as the correct date. Kamaus parents were  Moigoi and Wamboi. His father was the chief of a small agricultural village in Gatundu Division of the Kiambu District, one of five administrative districts in the Central Highlands of British East Africa. Moigoi died when Kamau was very young and he was, as custom dictated, adopted by his uncle Ngengi to become Kamau wa Ngengi. Ngengi also took over the chiefdom and Moigois wife Wamboi. When his mother died giving birth to a boy, James Moigoi, Kamau moved to live with his grandfather. Kungu Mangana  was a noted medicine man (in Facing Mount Kenya, he refers to him as a seer and a magician) in the area. Around the age of 10, suffering from a jigger infection, Kamau was taken to the Church of Scotland mission at Thogoto (about 12 miles north of Nairobi). He underwent successful surgery on both feet and one leg. Kamau was impressed by his first exposure to Europeans  and became determined to join the mission school. He ran away from home to become a resident pupil at the mission. There he studied many subjects, including the Bible, English, mathematics, and carpentry. He paid the school fees by working as a houseboy and cook for a nearby white settler. British East Africa During World War I In 1912, having completed his mission school education, Kamau became an apprentice carpenter. The following year he underwent initiation ceremonies (including circumcision) and became a member of the kehiomwere age group. In August of 1914, Kamau was baptized at the Church of Scotland mission. He initially took the name John Peter Kamau but swiftly changed it to Johnson Kamau. Looking to the future, he departed the mission for Nairobi to seek employment. Initially, he worked as an apprentice carpenter on a sisal farm in Thika, under the tutelage of John Cook, who had been in charge of the building program at Thogoto. As World War I  progressed, able-bodied Kikuyu were forced into work by the British authorities. To avoid this, Kenyatta moved to Narok, living amongst the Maasai, where he worked as a clerk for an Asian contractor. It was around this time that he took to wearing a traditional beaded belt known as a Kenyatta, a Swahili word which means light of Kenya. Marriage and Family In 1919 he met and married his first wife Grace Wahu, according to Kikuyu tradition. When it became apparent that Grace was pregnant, church elders ordered him to get married before a European magistrate  and undertake the appropriate church rites. The civil ceremony didnt take place until November 1922. On November 20, 1920, Kamaus first son, Peter Muigai, was born. Amongst other jobs he undertook during this period, Kamau served as an interpreter in the Nairobi High Court  and ran a store out of his Dagoretti (an area of Nairobi) home. When He Became Jomo Kenyatta In 1922 Kamau adopted the name Jomo (a Kikuyu name meaning burning spear) Kenyatta. He also began working for the Nairobi Municipal Council Public Works Department under Water Superintendent John Cook as a store clerk and water-meter reader. This was also the start of his political career. In the previous year Harry Thuku, a well-educated and respected Kikuyu, had formed the East African Association (EAA). The organization campaigned for the return of Kikuyu lands given over to white settlers when the country became the British Crown Colony of Kenya in 1920. Kenyatta joined the EAA in 1922. A Start in Politics In 1925, the EAA disbanded under governmental pressure. Its members came together again as the Kikuyu Central Association (KCA), formed by James Beauttah and Joseph Kangethe. Kenyatta worked as editor of the KCAs journal between 1924 and 1929, and by 1928 he had become the KCAs general secretary. He had given up his job with the municipality to make time for this new role in politics. In May 1928, Kenyatta launched a monthly Kikuyu-language newspaper called Mwigwithania (Kikuyu word meaning he who brings together). The intention was to draw all sections of the Kikuyu together. The paper, supported by an Asian-owned printing press, had a mild and unassuming tone and was tolerated by the British authorities. The Territorys Future in Question Worried about the future of its East African territories, the British government began toying with the idea of forming a union of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika. While this was fully supported by white settlers in the Central Highlands, it would be disastrous to Kikuyu interests. It was believed that the settlers would be given self-government  and that the rights of the Kikuyu would be ignored. In February 1929, Kenyatta was dispatched to London to represent the KCA in discussions with the Colonial Office, but the Secretary of State for the Colonies refused to meet him. Undeterred, Kenyatta wrote several letters to British papers, including The Times. Kenyattas letter, published in The Times in March 1930, set out five points: The security of land tenure and the demand for land taken by European settlers to be returned.Improved educational opportunities for Black Africans.The repeal of Hut and poll taxes.Representation for Black Africans in the Legislative Council.Freedom to pursue traditional customs (such as female genital mutilation). His letter concluded by saying that a failure to satisfy these points must inevitably result in a dangerous explosion -- the one thing all sane men wish to avoid. He returned to Kenya on September 24, 1930, landing at Mombassa. He had failed on his quest for all except one point, the right to develop independent educational institutions for Black Africans.

Organizational Behavior Executive Summary - 3144 Words

Organizational Behavior Executive summary As a multinational company which having a sound history, the Sony cooperation was doing well from its start. But the period of year 2004 and 2005, company face lot of instabilities in different areas. Company implemented different kind of changing methods to overcome those difficult situations. Even though those procedures are taken to best interest of the company, it creates both positive and negative impacts to the company. Actions or steps taken to organization running at correct path and expectation are achieved, what are the methods available to use in order to achieve the expectations and successfulness, the way of facing the internal and external factors and the way of†¦show more content†¦Organization’s changes include three levels called unfreeze, change and refreeze (Lewin, 1947). So to achieve effective change management levels, the proper implementation of this model is essential. 1.2 The importance of change management for SONY When considering the past few years (year 2000 to 2005) in Sony cooperation, there were lot of crisis situation’s occurred. So obviously Sony needs change to save or protect the company from this critical situation. As a world recognized branded company they were necessary in ell planned and organized change procedure. There are some key factors to influence the inefficiency. Mismanagement of finance, instability situation of organization, Lack of market trends identification, decision making barriers, unsatisfied customers’ need and wants etc. so management of the company has to predict, how those all factors will affect to the organization. 1.3 Types of changes As stated by Ambrose 2001, three types of main organization changes can be identify. It can be describe in following way, 1.3.1 Developmental changes Developmental changes can be defined as changes that implement to improve current organization procedures. Through the proper informed and training activities of the employees the development changes can be communicate and moreShow MoreRelatedWhat Strengths Of Organizational Leadership Presented By Sales And Marketing1635 Words   |  7 Pages(SS) Sheila Simmons lacks communications skills, and high job stress. Identifying the strengths of organizational leadership presented by Sales and Marketing (PI) Kenneth Bright along with OD consultant can lead and manage the organizational change. The OD consultant plans to introduce and communicate the change initiative to the employees begin with an interview questions by gender, organizational levels and age. Using Lewin’s method (B), functions (f), personality(P), motivators and the environmentRead MoreHowe - Week 2.docx992 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Learning Team D Managerial Practices Executive Summary Ora Howe, Curtis Cabil, Rito Timbal CJA/484 September 15, 2014 Francis Hart Learning Team D Managerial Practices Executive Summary This team paper will in which analyze organizational behavior concepts associated with common managerial practices involved in day-to-day operations within criminal justice settings. This team paper will be sure to identify professional standards and values that apply across various components ofRead MoreInternal Environmental Scan/950 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 2: Internal Environmental Scan/Organizational Assessment This section provides the opportunity to develop your course project. Conducting an internal environmental scan or organizational assessment, provides the ability to put the strategic audit together. In this course so far you have conducted the following steps toward completing the capstone strategic audit: Identified the organization for your report Interviewed key mid-level and senior level managers Created a marketRead MoreEthical Management Processes in an International Company1039 Words   |  4 Pages(2) the organizational culture is constructed with value placed on behavior that is ethical; (3) the organization ensure that leaders not only speak of ethical behavior but follow through in their actions as well; (4) decision-making processes in the organization make the requirement that the ethical aspect of business decisions are considered; and (5) moral courage is developed. (Ethics in International Business, nd) I. 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Readings †¢ Read Ch. 6 7 of Managing Business Ethics. †¢ Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5. Learning Team Instructions †¢ Begin preparing for the Ethics in the Workplace Case Study Action Plan Presentation due in Week Five by reading one of the following case studiesRead MoreTerm Paper of Coca Cola1494 Words   |  6 PagesOn FORCES OF ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR IN COCA-COLA COMPANY [pic] University Of Information Technology and Sciences University of information technology sciences Term paper On Coca-cola company ltd. Role of the Forces of organization behavior CourseRead MoreComponents of Transformational Leadership Theory Essay909 Words   |  4 Pagesinterest to uplift the entire organization to a higher morality (Burns, 1978). Morality was defined as leaders and followers working together to fulfill organizational goals and achieve higher performances within a context of change and innovation. 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The key problem with its impact is that it is not timely Free Essays

Mark Magnier’s article about the â€Å"crisis of trust† in China could have a more powerful impact. The key problem with its impact is that it is not timely – we have been dealing with fake, harmful Chinese products here in America for years, and we naturally expect that without the consumer protection laws that about here at home, consumers in China would be subject to even more terrible scams.   This should be viewed as an atrocity of the free market, one which America tamed long ago through consumer movements after we had learned our lesson during the unrestrained capitalism of the early 20th century. We will write a custom essay sample on The key problem with its impact is that it is not timely or any similar topic only for you Order Now But the article lacks passion.   Although it is journalistically correct to end sentences in periods, this doesn’t mean that they shouldn’t have the impact of exclamation points.   Take, for example, the following sentence: â€Å"[l]and that farmers have tilled for generations can be seized on a moment’s notice in a system that doesn’t recognize private property.† It bumbles awkwardly through a critical point and is stymied by a few too many prepositional phrases.   It leaves the reader unenraged about the fact that what our Founders considered a pillar of society – Property, next in line only to Life and Liberty – is totally absent from the world’s most populous country. The author of the article is unable to bring the points home.   The baby formula example could easily be reinforced by the image of a sickly Gerber baby, or the reminder that it is a product we have taken for granted for decades.   In an article like this one, connecting prominent American brands to the scandals taking place abroad – placing the reader in the shoes of the foreigner – would have left a much more lasting impression than the distant, dispassionate analysis offered here. And let’s not start on the hackneyed, irrelevant clichà © that the author leads with. How to cite The key problem with its impact is that it is not timely, Papers

Who Really Was Pocahontas Was She Like The Indian Girl In The Disney Essay Example For Students

Who Really Was Pocahontas? Was She Like The Indian Girl In The Disney Essay movie, who saved her reservation? Yes and no. She was an Indian of the Algonquian Indians. Her father was Powhatan, the chief. Her original name, however was in fact, Matoaka. But Pocahontas mean â€Å"playful, frolicsome little girl† and so they nicknamed her that. The meeting and capturing of her acquaintance, and possible first love, John Smith, was in fact true. But, the saving of him may be as made up and make believe as the movie. Many people speculate the authenticity of the â€Å"execution and salvation† story, told by Smith. Supposedly, Smith’s Englishmen team landed in Jamestown, 12 miles from the Indian reservation. John Smith was captured and forced to stretch on two flat stones, then out of nowhere, and little Indian girl cam up and put herself on his body as to say, â€Å"Kill me instead†. Weather this is true or not, it doesn’t change the rest of her story. After the â€Å"saved’ him, Smith and the Indians became friendly for the following year. Smith stayed in Jamestown, and Pocahontas visited him frequently. She carried messages from her father, and other Indians carried food, fur, and then traded hatchets and trinkets. After a while, Smith’s relationship with the Powhatas worsened. Pocahontas’s visits started to lessen, and in 1806, Smith was injured, and had to go back to England. Pocahontas went on with her life though, she married an Indian â€Å"Pryvate Captyne† named Kocoum in 1610. Although in 1614, she fell in love with an Englishman, John Rolfe. They married and she got baptized. They went to London with a man named Sir Thomas Dale, and a dozen other Indians. She was presented to King James I, and all of the royal family. John Smith, the man who she had not seen in eight years, was also in London at the time. They met, and talked about the past, but at first she couldn’t speak, she was overcome with emotion. This was their last meeting. After 6 months, Ralf and his family wanted to go back to Virginia, but unfortunately, Pocahontas didn’t make it. She was ill from pneumonia. Pocahontas affected society, she was a compassionate girl, and saw to it that the colonists got food. She was also known to have saved lives of certain colonists. John Smith wrote that Pocohontas was â€Å" the instrument to pursurve this colony from death, famine and utter confusion.†I would consider her to be a hero to the lives she saved, and a role model for someone who helps out someone without asking for anything back. She doesn’t really affect us today, unless you know about her, and when you do, your outlook and accomplishments with life seems so little compared to her great achievements. I have learned a lot from reading about her, and her life. I have learned that she was a REAL person, and not some little Indian girl in love with a strong, Englishman, like the movie. She is said to be an enthusiastic young girl, a lot like me, and she is respected for that. I respect her for her compassion and heart, and I think everyone should, because behind that love story, there is a honest, innocent, loving woman.

Epidemiology and Patterns of Cancer in Sydney

Question: Discuss the aims and objectives, background and rationale, anticipated outcomes and significance. Answer: Aims and objectives The research proposal aims at understanding the patterns of different types of cancer in Sydney, which is one of Australias largest cities. The main research objectives will be to assess: the common types of cancer in Sydney and probable causes, the age-groups affected, and the challenges faced. Background and Rationale Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) can be simply defined as chronic diseases that cannot be transmitted from one person to another (WHO, 2015). Some of the common non-communicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Ghaffer et al. 2004, p. 807). NCDs can affect any individual irrespective of age groups and display a slow progression (WHO, 2015). Risk factors such as diet, physical activity, tobacco consumption, and environmental pollution serve as pathways for epidemiological analyses of NCDs (Ghaffer et al. 2004, p. 807). NCDs cause approximately 60% deaths and 47% burden of diseases worldwide (Ghaffer et al. 2004, p. 807). Among the global incidents of non-communicable diseases, nearly 3/4th is recorded to occur in low- and middle-income groups worldwide. In some countries, high-income groups are also affected, but they gain easy access to treatment as compared to low-income groups (WHO, 2015). Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNDCs) are diseases that can impact people for prolonged durations and which do not have a causative agent or pathogen that gets transmitted from one patient to the other (Daar et al. 2007, pp.494-495). The CNCDs include: cardiovascular diseases, some forms of cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and type 2 diabetes; they account for nearly 44% premature deaths and a large proportion of disabilities worldwide (Daar et al. 2007). Cancer is common among children and its etiological factors can be evaluated by a descriptive epidemiology. Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) can greatly affect adults aged 55years and above and the overall increased incidents of NMSC have been linked to the rise in population. NMSC involves high treatment costs, thus increasing the economic burden of a country (Staples et al. 2002). Globally, Australia has the maximum number of cases affected by NMSC (Staples et al. 2002). Colorectal cancer is the next common type of cancer in Australia after NMSC. In Australia, cases of HPV (human papiloma virus)-associated cancers showed a marked rise between the years 1982 and 2005 (Hocking et al. 2011). Childhood cancer forms a small percentile of the total cases of cancer; however, establishing registries of incidents of childhood cancer enables evaluating the epidemiology of the cancers; the examination of survival rates and clinical features being feasible due to the small number of cases. The Australian Pediatric Cancer Register (APCR) was developed in the year 1977 to supply relevant information on the episodes of childhood cancer in Australia (Mcwhirter et al., 1996). Immune suppression following kidney transplantation can lead to an elevated risk of non-melanoma skin cancer. Diet and nutrition have been associated with different types of cancer (Brennan et al. 2010, p.1294). For example, excess alcohol intake has been linked to increased risk of cancer including breast cancer (Brennan et al. 2010, p.1294). CNCDs can be avoided by preventing smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, and using pharmaceuticals (Daar et al. 2007). A prudent or healthy diet can reduce the risk of breast cancer (Brennan et al. 2010). If precautions are not taken, there can be increased incidents of people affected by CNCDs (Daar et al. 2007). Research plan The proposed study will focus on understanding the distribution patterns and personal characteristics such as age and gender of people affected by cancer in Sydney, Australia. It will be conducted in selected zones of Sydney and the average of the data collected will yield a conclusion for the analysis. The zones will be decided in a way that enables interpretation of the cancer cases in Sydney. If surveys alone are used to gather information, the data may be limited. So, a combination of surveys and data obtained from major cancer hospitals will be used for this research to get an idea of the trends in cancer and its types in Sydney. Surveys will be obtained by face-to-face interviews and information with respect to age, gender, location, number of cancer incidents, and type of cancer will be recorded. Hospital data in each zone will be obtained by checking their average records for the last three years and for surveys, patients will be interviewed based on the principal of random sampling to record people affected by cancer. Nearly 10 interviews per zone would be sufficient to gather brief data. Statistical ratios and Poisson random variable will be applied for analyzing the data. A similar approach was applied by other researchers in the past and it proved to be successful. Anticipated Outcomes and Significance The outcome of the proposed research will provide information regarding proportion, age, and gender of people suffering from cancer and enable identification of the type/s of cancer which commonly affects individuals in Sydney. Cancer, a non-communicable disease, is largely impacting people around the globe with mortality and morbidity. Since certain lifestyle changes can prevent cancer, it is important to understand the extent to which a country or region is affected by cancer, so that relevant precautions and education about the measures that can prevent cancer can be spread. Collecting information from different areas in Sydney will allow to obtain an insight into the distribution patterns of cancer and assess if any geographic factors or produce from a particular area can increase the risk to any cancer. Proposed Timeline The proposed method is designed with a view to complete the project within a period of three to six months. If the time frame is longer, the proposed study will be extended to other regions of Australia to gather a more holistic data. Bibliography Brennan, S. F., (2010), Dietary Patterns And Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Am J Clin Nutr., 91, 12941302. Daar, et al. (2007). Grand Challenges In Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Nature, 450. English, D., (2012). Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer in Australia, The Medical journal of Australia. Ghaffar, A., et al., (2004). Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases in South Asia. BMJ, 328. Hocking, J. S., et al., (2011). Head and Neck Cancer In Australia Between 1982 And 2005 Show Increasing Incidence Of Potentially HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancers, British Journal of Cancer, 104, 886 891. McWhirter, W. R., et al., (1996). Childhood Cancer Incidence in Australia, 19821991, International Journal of Cancer, 65, 34-38. Staples, , M. et al., (2006). Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer In Australia: The 2002 National Survey And Trends Since 1985, Medical Journal of Australia, 184(1), 6-10. Who, (2015), Noncommunicable Diseases, Available at https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/